female suicide bombers, pozamilitarne aspekty bezpieczeństwa
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FEMALE SUICIDE BOMBERS
Debra D. Zedalis
June 2004
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The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of
the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release;
distribution is unlimited.
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My thanks to Colonel Russ Santala for suggesting this truly interesting topic. Thanks also go to Colonel Harry Tomlin
for helping me think through the tough questions. Additionally, the U.S. Army War College Library staff is absolutely
excellent. This paper would not have been so well researched without the help of the entire staff, but most especially
Mr. Bohdan I. Kohutiak and Ms. Jane E. Gibish, who vigilantly watched for information on female suicide bombers. My
appreciation also to Mr. Shawn Mosholder, the Strategic Research Program (SRP) template wizard, for his assistance in final
preparation and formatting. My final thanks to Dr. Anna Waggener who was the absolute best SRP advisor―kept me on
track and focused on strategic issues with encouragement, help, advice, and good will.
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ISBN 1-58487-162-8
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PREFACE
The U.S. Army War College provides an excellent environment for selected military officers and
government civilians to reflect and use their career experience to explore a wide range of strategic
issues. To assure that the research developed by Army War College students is available to Army and
Department of Defense leaders, the Strategic Studies Institute publishes selected papers in its Carlisle
Papers in Security Strategy Series.
Ms. Debra Zedalis, member of the Army War College Class of 2004, is the author of this paper. She
reviews the history of female suicide bombers, focuses on their characteristics, analyzes recent changes
in their use by various terrorist organizations, and provides implications of change within a strategic
assessment of future female suicide bombings.
ANTULIO J. ECHEVARRIA II
Director of Research
Strategic Studies Institute
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
DEBRA D. ZEDALIS is a Department of the Army civilian who was a member of the U.S. Army War
College Class of 2004. Prior to attending the Army War College, Ms. Zedalis was the Chief of Staff for
the Installation Management Agency, Europe Region, Heidelberg, Germany. She has worked for the
U.S. Army in Europe since 1988, serving as the Chief of the Management Division, Office of the Deputy
Chief of Staff for Resource Management, as well as the Chief of the Installation Management Support
Division, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel and Installation Management. Prior to her
European assignment, Ms. Zedalis worked at the U.S. Army Armor Center and Fort Knox as a program
analyst and manpower analyst. She holds a Master’s Degree in Business Administration from Syracuse
University and a Bachelor of Arts in Managerial Psychology from the University of Kentucky.
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ABSTRACT
Suicide bombers are today’s weapon of choice. Terrorists are using suicide bombers because they
are a low cost, low technology, and low risk weapon. Suicide bombers are readily available, require
little training, leave no trace behind, and strike fear into the general population. The success of suicide
bombers depends upon an element of surprise, as well as accessibility to targeted areas or populations.
Both of these required elements have been enjoyed by women suicide bombers. Female suicide bombers
were used in the past; however, the recent spate of them in different venues, in different countries, and
for different terrorist organizations forces us to study this terrorist method.
This research paper reviews historical female suicide bombers, focuses on female suicide bomber
characteristics, analyzes recent changes in application by various terrorist organizations, and provides
implications of change within a strategic assessment of future female suicide bombings.
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